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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Patient-specific left ventricular hypertrophy under severe hypertension: mechanistic insights from hill-type

Nurul Jannah Zamberi1,2, Chin Neng Leong2, Azam Ahmad Bakir3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.

Medical Engineering & Physics
|July 2, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Including Hill's force-velocity relationship in cardiac models improves accuracy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and hypertension. Omitting it overestimates pressure and stress, affecting understanding of heart mechanics.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Computational Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Hill's force-velocity relationship is crucial for myocardial contraction mechanics.
  • Its role in patient-specific hypertrophic left ventricles (LVH) is not well understood.
  • Accurate modeling of LVH under hypertensive conditions is clinically significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of including vs. omitting Hill-type velocity dependence in 3D finite element (FE) models of hypertrophic left ventricles.
  • To analyze the mechanical consequences on cardiac function under hypertensive loading.
  • To enhance the physiological fidelity of cardiac simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed patient-specific 3D finite element (FE) models from MRI data of three hypertrophic left ventricles.
  • Simulated stage 3 hypertensive loading conditions.
  • Compared model outcomes with and without Hill-type velocity dependence incorporated.
  • Implemented a biophysical damping formulation for numerical stability.

Main Results:

  • Including velocity dependence moderated peak systolic pressure and tempered early fiber shortening.
  • Omitting velocity dependence amplified systolic pressure, accelerated contraction, and increased stroke work by 15%.
  • Absence of velocity dependence elevated regional fiber stress by 15-25% and reduced mid-systolic strain, particularly in subendocardial and high-curvature regions.

Conclusions:

  • Hill's force-velocity relationship significantly influences cardiac mechanics in hypertrophic ventricles under hypertension.
  • Omitting velocity dependence leads to inaccurate predictions of pressure, stress, and work.
  • These findings offer mechanistic insights into sarcomere dynamics and improve cardiac simulation accuracy.

Keywords:
hill force–velocity dependencehypertensionleft ventricular hypertrophymyocardial mechanicspatient-specific modelling

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