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Targeting Neuronal Fiber Tracts for Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy Using Interactive, Patient-Specific Models
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Ultra-flexible wireless endovascular stimulator for cortical simulation.

Yi-De Tai1, Joel Villalobos1, Weijie Qi1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
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This study demonstrates a fully wireless, leadless endovascular stimulator for cortical stimulation. The device, delivered via catheter, successfully evoked neural responses in vivo, offering a safer alternative to traditional implants.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Minimally Invasive Devices

Background:

  • Conventional intracranial implants face challenges like foreign body responses and lead-related failures.
  • Endovascular neural stimulation (ENS) presents a less invasive alternative but current devices use transvascular leads.
  • Existing ENS systems are limited by lead-induced complications, higher impedance, and signal noise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of fully wireless cortical stimulation using a novel, leadless endovascular stimulator.
  • To develop an ultra-flexible, catheter-deliverable device for endovascular neural stimulation.
  • To overcome limitations associated with transvascular leads in current ENS devices.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a leadless ENS implant with a receiver coil, passive circuitry, and electrodes on a flexible substrate.
Keywords:
endovascular neural interfaceflexible electronicsimplantable devicesneural stimulationwireless implants

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  • Validated wireless power transfer and stimulation output in vitro using sheep tissue.
  • Performed acute in vivo sheep experiments, placing the device subdurally and endovascularly for cortical stimulation.
  • Main Results:

    • The ENS implant generated 3-11 V monophasic pulses across varying load impedances.
    • In vivo experiments showed controlled stimulation amplitude changes with external transmitter current.
    • Evoked neural responses (N1/N2 potentials) were observed in sheep for both subdural and endovascular placements.

    Conclusions:

    • This study presents the first in vivo demonstration of a fully wireless, catheter-deliverable endovascular cortical stimulator.
    • The developed device successfully generated electrically evoked neural responses.
    • This technology offers a scalable approach for multi-site, leadless endovascular neuromodulation with reduced risks of failure and infection.