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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
Overview of Fungi01:29

Overview of Fungi

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes more closely related to animals than other eukaryotes. Fungal cell walls comprise chitin, a polysaccharide that provides structural strength, and glucans, which contribute to flexibility and integrity. Other polysaccharides, such as mannans and galactosans, may supplement or replace chitin in some fungi. These adaptations, along with their preference for acidic environments and tolerance for high osmotic pressure, enable fungi to thrive in various...
Fungal Group Zygomycota01:29

Fungal Group Zygomycota

Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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Isolation and Purification of Fungal &#946;-Glucan as an Immunotherapy Strategy for Glioblastoma
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Structure-function relationships of Ganoderma polysaccharides: extraction, classification, bioactivities, and gut

Aman Sharma1, Divyesh Suvedi1, Kaushiki Bhagat1

  • 1Faculty of Applied Science and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ganoderma polysaccharides (GPs) show potent antioxidant and antidiabetic effects by modulating gut microbiota. Their structure dictates function, supporting applications in functional foods for metabolic and gut health.

Keywords:
BioactivityGanoderma spp.Gut microbiota modulationPolysaccharidesStructure-activity relationship

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Comparative Study on the Polysaccharide Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Hippophae gyantsensis

Published on: August 15, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Ganoderma spp. Polysaccharides (GPs) are bioactive macromolecules with diverse therapeutic properties.
  • Their potential spans antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and prebiotic effects.
  • Gut microbiota modulation is a key mechanism for their health benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the extraction, structure, and biological activities of GPs.
  • To focus on the structure-function relationships of GPs.
  • To explore the translational applications of GPs in health and nutrition.

Main Methods:

  • Summarized extraction strategies including enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-assisted methods.
  • Analyzed structural characteristics, focusing on molecular weight and branching patterns.
  • Reviewed preclinical evidence from in vitro and animal studies on biological activities.

Main Results:

  • GPs exhibit significant antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 0.56 mg/mL) and antidiabetic effects (reduced blood glucose).
  • GPs enhanced gut microbial metabolism, increasing short-chain fatty acid levels to 361.37 μg/mg.
  • Mechanisms involve regulating oxidative stress, immune responses, and gut microbiota composition.

Conclusions:

  • There is an integrated relationship between the structural properties and biological functions of GPs.
  • GPs demonstrate potential for functional foods and nutraceutical development.
  • Targeting metabolic and gastrointestinal health is a key application area for GPs.