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3D-Printing in Neurosurgical Training: Hands-On Practice, Patient-Specific Planning and Simulation.

Giselle Coelho^1,2, William David Freeman^1,3

¹STR-X (Simulation, Telemedicine, Robotics, and eXperimental education) Fellowship Program Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

|July 2, 2026

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing creates patient-specific models for neurosurgery training, enhancing anatomical understanding and procedural rehearsal. These realistic simulations improve surgical planning, reduce operative risks, and promote global health equity in neurosurgical education.

Area of Science:

Neurosurgical Education
Medical Simulation
3D Printing in Medicine

Background:

Neurosurgical training faces challenges due to complex anatomy and limited operative exposure.
Advances in 3D printing offer patient-specific models for realistic surgical simulation.
Traditional training methods are constrained by ethical and practical limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current applications of 3D-printed, hybrid, and multimodal simulation models in neurosurgical education.
To highlight the use of these models in complex craniofacial and encephalocele procedures.
To demonstrate the benefits of patient-specific simulation for surgical planning and training.

Main Methods:

Review of contemporary applications of 3D-printed and hybrid simulation models.

Keywords:

3D-printing Hybrid simulation Multimaterial printing Neurosurgical education Patient-specific models Preoperative planning Surgical simulation

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Analysis of case reports involving complex craniofacial and encephalocele procedures.

Integration of augmented and mixed reality with 3D models.

Main Results:

Patient-specific 3D models enhance spatial understanding, tactile feedback, and procedural rehearsal.
Simulation alters surgical strategy, reduces operative time, and minimizes blood loss.
Simulation improves multidisciplinary communication and supports competency-based assessment.

Conclusions:

3D-printed and hybrid models offer a transformative approach to neurosurgical training and planning.
These models improve patient safety and educational outcomes for surgeons and allied health professionals.
Low-cost 3D printing solutions can reduce global disparities in neurosurgical care.