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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

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Published on: November 9, 2019

Structurally Defined Low-Coordination Single-Atom Strategy for CO2 Photoconversion to Formic Acid.

Jiajing Zhang1, Yi Zhang2, Mei Zheng3

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an edge-bonding strategy for single-atom catalysts, creating well-defined low-coordination environments. This method enhances CO2 reduction to formic acid with high selectivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Single-atom catalysis faces challenges in creating precise, low-coordination metal sites.
  • Controlling the local coordination environment is crucial for catalyst performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for deterministic construction of low-coordination single-atom sites.
  • To investigate the application of these sites in CO2 reduction.

Main Methods:

  • An edge-bonding strategy was employed using covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs).
  • Nickel (Ni) was used as a model to create Ni-N1-C6 coordinated single-atom sites.
  • The strategy was extended to other metals.

Main Results:

  • Structurally defined, low-coordination single-atom sites were successfully synthesized.
  • The Ni single-atom sites demonstrated high activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction to formic acid (HCOOH) with 98.5% selectivity.
  • Optimized carrier separation and transport were observed.

Conclusions:

  • The edge-bonding strategy provides a rational approach for designing single-atom catalysts with tailored microenvironments.
  • This method enables precise control over catalyst structure and enhances catalytic performance for CO2 conversion.