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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Neural Correlates of Explicit Outcome Expectation Effects: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis.

Junnan Zhou1,2, Yiyang Xu2, Tieyan Li2

  • 1College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.

Human Brain Mapping
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that explicit outcome expectations in treatments involve a network of brain regions, not just one. The striatum acts as a central hub, with other areas showing context-specific activity.

Keywords:
activation likelihood estimationbrain imagingexplicit outcome expectation effectsmeta‐analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Explicit outcome expectations are crucial in treatment contexts, influencing patient responses.
  • Understanding the neural underpinnings of these expectations is key to optimizing therapeutic strategies.
  • Previous research suggests various brain regions are involved, but a consistent core network remains elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify core brain regions activated during explicit outcome expectation effects in treatment settings.
  • To investigate the characteristics of brain region activation across diverse experimental paradigms.
  • To synthesize neuroimaging findings related to treatment expectation effects.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of fMRI and PET studies (2014-2025) investigating treatment expectation effects.
  • Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of whole-brain activation coordinates.
  • Risk of bias assessment and sensitivity analyses, including qualitative synthesis across domains.

Main Results:

  • ALE meta-analysis identified significant activation clusters in the caudate nucleus/lentiform nucleus and red nucleus.
  • Consistent striatal activation was observed across different expectancy domains, with domain-specific patterns elsewhere.
  • Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of most findings, despite considerable risk of bias in included studies.

Conclusions:

  • Explicit outcome expectation effects involve distributed, interacting neural systems, not a single region.
  • The striatum is a shared neural substrate, while other regions show context-specific activation.
  • Findings provide a foundation for understanding neural correlates and developing brain mechanism-based interventions.