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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback01:24

Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback

Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem: self-efficacy,...
Perception01:28

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Perceptual learning without feedback is accompanied with systematic changes in confidence processing.

Nadia Hosseinizaveh1, Pascal Mamassian1

  • 1Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.

Neuroscience of Consciousness
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Confidence may act as an internal teaching signal guiding perceptual learning without external feedback. This study found that learners

Keywords:
confidenceconfidence boostconfidence noiseperceptual learning, confidence efficiency

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

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Published on: April 11, 2025

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12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Perceptual Psychology

Background:

  • Perceptual learning can occur without external feedback.
  • The internal signals guiding this learning remain unclear.
  • Confidence, or subjective accuracy, is hypothesized as a potential internal teaching signal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if confidence serves as an internal teaching signal for feedback-free perceptual learning.
  • To investigate how confidence computations change during perceptual learning.
  • To differentiate learning and non-learning trajectories based on confidence shifts.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a visual motion discrimination task over five days without feedback.
  • Confidence was assessed using a forced-choice confidence paradigm after pairs of trials.
  • An attempt was made to manipulate confidence independently of accuracy by varying dot density.

Main Results:

  • Some participants improved (learners), while others did not (non-learners).
  • Learners showed decreased sensory noise and reduced confidence efficiency due to increased confidence-specific noise.
  • Learners exhibited a "confidence boost" by relying on additional evidence beyond the perceptual decision.

Conclusions:

  • Confidence judgments dynamically evolve during perceptual learning.
  • Confidence may serve as an index of internal monitoring adaptation during feedback-free training.
  • Learners' confidence computations differ significantly from non-learners'.