RAEM: random-access electron microscopy for revisitable 3D imaging

Volume electron microscopy is essential for understanding cells, tissues, and neural circuits in their native 3D context, but many biological specimens are too large to image exhaustively at nanometer resolution. Researchers therefore must choose between broad anatomical context and ultrastructural detail. We introduce random-access electron microscopy (RAEM), a framework for studying fixed tissue repeatedly across scales rather than imaging it once at a single resolution. RAEM first builds a lower resolution 3D survey of the specimen, then uses accumulated human or AI-derived knowledge of that volume to guide the microscope back to selected physical sites for high resolution imaging. By linking reconstructed 3D coordinates to precise electron-beam positions on the original sections, RAEM enables targeted imaging of membranes, vesicles, and other nanoscale structures within specimens that would be impractical to image exhaustively. We demonstrate RAEM with vesicle-resolved imaging of synaptic boutons in human cortex, targeted imaging of more than one million human cortical mitochondria, hierarchical imaging of a nematode nervous system, and retrospective targeting of a previously published petabyte-scale human cortical volume. RAEM turns serial-section EM into a query-driven, multi-resolution approach for scalable biomedical discovery.