Prenatal e-cigarette exposure induces region- and cell type-specific metabolic and developmental reprogramming

Prenatal e-cigarette exposure (PeCE) is increasingly prevalent and has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, yet how maternal vaping perturbs early brain development remains poorly understood. We integrated spatial transcriptomics, snRNA-seq and lipidomics to define neonatal rat brain responses to PeCE in rats at regional and cellular resolution. PeCE induced pronounced spatial heterogeneity in vulnerability, with the striatum exhibiting the strongest developmental transcriptional disruption. PeCE disrupts lipid metabolic homeostasis and induced molecular signatures suggestive of enhance Ca ²⁺ signaling, dopaminergic responsiveness and region-specific synaptic stress programs. In the striatum, PeCE induced transcriptional programs consistent with altered lipid utilization, silent synapse-like molecular features, suppressed dendritic spine development and delayed D1-medium spiny neuron maturation. PeCE-sensitive genes were enriched in human autism spectrum disorders and neurodevelopment risk loci. Together, these findings identify disrupted metabolic and developmental reprogramming as a central feature of neonatal brain vulnerability to maternal vaping and provide a mechanistic framework linking PeCE to neurodevelopmental disease risk.