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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice
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Early Immune Hypoactivation and Persistent Innate Reprogramming Characterize Chronic Chikungunya Disease.

Lien De Caluwé1,2, Candice Bohaud1, Borita Heng1

  • 1Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chikungunya virus infection can lead to chronic disease due to early immune hypoactivation and persistent immune remodeling. Understanding these immune changes in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is key to addressing long-term symptoms.

Keywords:
chikungunya viruslongitudinal immune profilingpost-viral chronic inflammatory syndromes

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Published on: June 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes acute illness and can lead to chronic disease with persistent symptoms.
  • The immunological basis for the transition from acute to chronic chikungunya disease is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal immune profiles of patients with CHIKV infection stratified by clinical outcome.
  • To identify immunological mechanisms underlying the development of chronic chikungunya disease.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal immune profiling of CHIKV-infected patients.
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  • Multiplex plasma cytokine analysis and flow cytometry.

Main Results:

  • Patients developing chronic symptoms showed early innate immune hypoactivation and diminished adaptive immune activation during acute infection.
  • Chronic progressors exhibited impaired monocyte-centered immune coordination and persistent innate immune remodeling six months post-infection.
  • Divergent immune recovery trajectories were observed, particularly in non-classical monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic chikungunya disease is associated with early innate immune hypoactivation followed by persistent innate immune remodeling.
  • These findings offer insights into immune mechanisms contributing to post-viral chronic inflammatory syndromes.