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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
06:41

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

The Vertebrate Genomes Project Phase I: A global reference genome resource.

Giulio Formenti, Dominic E Absolon, Linelle Ann L Abueg

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 3, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) has generated high-quality reference genomes for most vertebrate orders. This foundational work enables new discoveries in evolution, conservation, and medicine.

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    Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
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    Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information

    Published on: August 15, 2019

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    Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

    In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
    06:41

    In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

    Published on: August 20, 2019

    Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
    09:37

    Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information

    Published on: August 15, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Conservation Biology

    Background:

    • The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) aims to create comprehensive reference genomes for all vertebrate species.
    • Previous genomic efforts have been limited in scope and completeness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the completion of Phase I of the VGP, delivering a substantial set of high-quality vertebrate reference genomes.
    • To establish a genomic foundation for broad evolutionary and conservation research.

    Main Methods:

    • Genome sequencing and assembly of 815 vertebrate species over an 8-year period (2018-2026).
    • Advanced genome annotation techniques and comparative genomic analyses.
    • Integration of data from international consortium initiatives.

    Main Results:

    • Generation of high-quality reference genomes for ~97% of vertebrate orders, totaling 1.6 trillion base pairs.
    • Reconstruction of the vertebrate ancestor's genome and insights into sex chromosome evolution.
    • Identification of clade-specific 3D genome architecture and epigenetic landscapes.

    Conclusions:

    • VGP Phase I provides a critical resource for vertebrate genomics, evolution, and conservation.
    • The generated genomes facilitate studies on gene evolution, immune function, and cancer genetics.
    • Genomic data aids in understanding extinction risk for threatened species.