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Spectrofluorimetric Method for Sensitive Histamine Detection Using Europium Complexation.

Karim Ben Kamel¹, Ameni Ben Issa¹, Merymen Boukadida¹

¹Laboratoire de Recherche: Caractérisations, Applications et Modélisation de Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus universitaire El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia.

|July 3, 2026

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A new spectrofluorimetric method uses europium-(III) chloride to detect histamine in food. This sensitive technique offers rapid and reliable histamine analysis for improved food safety.

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Food Science
Materials Science

Background:

Histamine (HA) is a biogenic amine found in various foods, and its elevated levels can indicate spoilage or pose health risks.
Accurate and sensitive detection of histamine is crucial for ensuring food safety and quality control.
Existing methods for histamine detection can be time-consuming or require complex instrumentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel, rapid, and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for histamine detection.
To utilize the complexation of histamine with europium-(III) chloride for enhanced fluorescence.
To validate the method for practical application in food matrices, specifically milk samples.

Main Methods:

Spectrofluorimetric analysis of histamine complexed with europium-(III) chloride (EuCl₃) in an aqueous medium.

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Optimization of physicochemical parameters including europium concentration and solution pH.

Validation of the method using international guidelines, including assessment of repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery rates. Structural elucidation via ¹H NMR and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

Coordination with Eu³⁺ induced a strong red emission at 620 nm for nonfluorescent histamine.
Optimal conditions yielded a linear fluorescence response (R² = 0.9935) with low limits of detection (0.175 mg L^-1) and quantification (0.576 mg L^-1).
The method demonstrated good performance in real milk samples with recoveries of 73-98% and minimal matrix interference. A 1:2 Eu-HA stoichiometry was confirmed.

Conclusions:

Europium-(III) complexation offers a simple, stable, and sensitive platform for histamine detection.
The developed spectrofluorimetric method is suitable for rapid and reliable histamine analysis in food safety applications.
Combined experimental and theoretical studies confirm the mechanism of luminescence enhancement and coordination.