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TREADS: tyre nanoparticles produced using a bench-top tyre wear simulator.

David P O'Loughlin^1,2, Charlotte Gisbourne³, Coco Day³

¹MRC Toxicology Unit Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QR UK mm2312@cam.ac.uk.

Environmental Science. Nano

|July 3, 2026

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The Tyre Rubber Emission And Debris System (TREADS) generates high concentrations of nano-tyre particles for toxicological studies. This portable, low-cost instrument offers reproducible, user-friendly nano-tyre particle generation for research.

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Toxicology
Materials Science

Background:

Tyre wear particles (TPs) are a significant source of microplastic pollution.
Understanding the toxicology of nano-TPs requires standardized generation methods.
Existing methods for TPs lack portability and reproducibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the Tyre Rubber Emission And Debris System (TREADS) for generating nano-TPs.
To assess the characteristics and concentration of TPs produced by TREADS.
To evaluate TREADS' suitability for toxicological assessments.

Main Methods:

TREADS was used to generate sub-micron tyre wear particles.
Particle size distribution was analyzed and compared to literature.

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Particle concentration was measured during one-hour test cycles.

TP characteristics (shape, temperature) were observed.

Main Results:

TREADS produced high concentrations of sub-micron TPs (2-6 × 10^6 cm^-3).
Particle size distribution matched established nano-TP literature.
Particles were round, indicative of gas-to-particle conversion at 37-44 °C.
Consistent particle generation was observed across different tyres.

Conclusions:

TREADS is a novel, portable, and low-cost system for generating nano-TPs.
The system provides reproducible and user-friendly nano-TP generation.
TREADS is suitable for toxicological assessments of nano-TPs without environmental contamination.