Comprehensive Human Health Risk Assessment of Metal(loid)s in Selected Fish Species and Clams From Nun River, Bayelsa...

This study assessed the comprehensive human risk exposure to metal(loid)s through consumption of fish and clams from the Nun River. Thirteen elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) were determined in the aquatic samples using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Metal(loid) data were subjected to simple descriptive and inferential statistical analysis to examine variations among species and sampling periods. In fish, Fe was the dominant element, while Zn and Mn showed temporal increments. Toxic metal(loid)s such as Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, and As were detected at concerning levels, with some concentrations exceeding the international safety thresholds of the joint Food and Agriculture/World Health Organization. Species differences were observed, with higher accumulation in carnivorous fish, while clams generally showed lower levels. Health risk assessment indicated that most hazard quotient (HQ) values were below 1.0, suggesting generally low noncarcinogenic risk under the exposure assumptions applied; however, elevated values were observed for Cd and As in some fish species. Cancer risk analysis identified Cd and As as the major contributors to lifetime carcinogenic risk. This study provides a comprehensive and integrated assessment of metal(loid) contamination in Nun River fish and clams, examining temporal variation, species-specific accumulation patterns, and associated human health risks. In doing so, it helps to address a significant regional data gap. The research findings highlight potential exposure concerns and emphasize the need for continued monitoring, pollution control, and public awareness to support food safety in the Niger Delta region.