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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Drug elimination from the body primarily occurs through metabolic and excretion pathways. Hepatic metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic forms for excretion, typically via enzymatic processes classified as phase I (modification) and phase II (conjugation). Renal excretion eliminates drugs and metabolites through filtration and secretion in the kidneys. Impairment in liver or kidney function can hinder these processes, delaying drug clearance and extending the drug’s half-life.
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

Overview

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli
12:29

Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli

Published on: March 24, 2023

Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Uncomplicated Monomicrobial Enterococcal Bloodstream Infection: A Multicenter

Hadar Mudrik-Zohar1,2,3,4, Sean W X Ong3,4,5,6, Steven Y C Tong3,4,7

  • 1Gray Faculty of Medical & health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv,  Israel.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Short-course antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated enterococcal bloodstream infections (BSI) showed similar outcomes to longer durations. This finding supports using shorter antibiotic courses for select patients with enterococcal BSI.

Keywords:
Antibiotic treatment durationEnterococcal bacteremiaTarget trial emulationUncomplicated bloodstream infection

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli
12:29

Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli

Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Microbiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Enterococcal bloodstream infection (BSI) presents significant mortality risks (25-30%).
  • Limited evidence exists for optimal antibiotic treatment duration in uncomplicated enterococcal BSI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical outcomes of short-course versus long-course antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated monomicrobial enterococcal BSI.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of reduced antibiotic exposure in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study with target trial emulation across eight Israeli hospitals (2013-2023).
  • Compared short (7±2 days) vs. long (14±2 days) antibiotic strategies.
  • Utilized inverse probability of censoring weights to address bias; analyzed 30-day mortality and secondary outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Of 485 eligible patients, no significant difference in 30-day mortality was observed between short (21.6%) and long (21.3%) therapy groups (aRR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84-1.22).
  • Secondary outcomes, including 90-day mortality, recurrence, and infection rates, also showed no significant differences.
  • Results remained consistent across subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Short-course antibiotic treatment is associated with comparable clinical outcomes to long-course treatment in uncomplicated monomicrobial enterococcal BSI.
  • Supports the use of shorter antibiotic durations for appropriately selected patients, potentially reducing antibiotic exposure and associated risks.