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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
06:40

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Published on: October 24, 2025

Anti-Müllerian hormone and somatic ovarian function: a new perspective.

Önder Çelik1, Nilüfer Çelik2, Aynur Ersahin3

  • 1Independent Researcher, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Izmir, Turkey. ondercelik2001@hotmail.com.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) reflects ovarian functional capacity, not just oocyte quantity. AMH levels indicate granulosa cell health and response to factors like aging and stress, offering new insights into ovarian aging.

Keywords:
Anti-Müllerian hormoneFollicular microenvironmentGranulosa cell functionOvarian agingOvarian reserveSomatic ovarian function

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Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium Organoids as a Platform to Study Tissue Regeneration
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Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium Organoids as a Platform to Study Tissue Regeneration

Published on: August 16, 2024

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
06:40

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Published on: October 24, 2025

Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium Organoids as a Platform to Study Tissue Regeneration
07:37

Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium Organoids as a Platform to Study Tissue Regeneration

Published on: August 16, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is traditionally viewed as a marker of ovarian reserve, reflecting the number of remaining oocytes.
  • However, AMH is produced by granulosa cells of growing follicles, suggesting it may reflect somatic follicular activity rather than dormant oocyte quantity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a conceptual framework redefining ovarian aging as influenced by progressive somatic ovarian dysfunction.
  • To reframe Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a biomarker of ovarian functional capacity rather than solely a quantitative reserve marker.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a model where granulosa cells, stromal integrity, vascular support, immune regulation, and metabolic environment form a somatic support network for follicular health.
  • Evidence from granulosa cell biology, controlled ovarian stimulation, ovarian surgery, autoimmune disease, chemotherapy, and fertility outcomes was reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Circulating AMH levels decline in response to somatic ovarian injury, indicating AMH reflects the functional cohort of supported follicles, not total ovarian reserve.
  • Primordial follicle depletion does not directly correlate with continuous AMH decline.
  • Ovarian reserve markers, including AMH, have limited predictive value for natural fecundability.

Conclusions:

  • Introducing the concept of somatic ovarian function provides a new framework for interpreting AMH.
  • Reframing AMH as a functional systems biomarker reflecting granulosa cell integrity, metabolic health, and environmental influences can reconcile clinical paradoxes.
  • This reframing opens avenues for fertility preservation, ovarian aging research, and therapeutic interventions.