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In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Fertilization

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Minimally Invasive Embryo Transfer and Embryo Vitrification at the Optimal Embryo Stage in Rabbit Model

Minimally Invasive Embryo Transfer and Embryo Vitrification at the Optimal Embryo Stage in Rabbit Model

Published on: May 16, 2019

Redefining success in assisted reproductive technologies: the Embryo-Maternal-Offspring Continuum Framework.

¹Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Malatya, Turkey. korkmazoya@yahoo.com.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics

|July 3, 2026

Summary

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) success needs redefining beyond live birth. A new framework considers the entire embryo-maternal-offspring continuum for better maternal and child health outcomes.

Keywords:

ART outcomes Assisted reproductive technologies Developmental programming Embryo quality Epigenetics

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) success is traditionally measured by pregnancy and live birth rates.
This limited definition overlooks the complex biological factors influencing maternal and offspring health.
ART may cause subtle molecular and epigenetic alterations affecting long-term health.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a new conceptual model for evaluating ART success.
To redefine ART outcomes beyond clinical endpoints.
To emphasize a holistic, continuum-based approach to reproductive health.

Main Methods:

This review proposes the Embryo-Maternal-Offspring Continuum Framework.
It integrates embryonic, maternal, and offspring health factors.
The framework links subclinical biological changes with clinical endpoints.

Main Results:

The proposed framework redefines ART success as a dynamic, integrated process.
It highlights the importance of multidimensional and longitudinal outcome assessment.
It emphasizes the interconnectedness of embryonic, maternal, and paternal contributions.

Conclusions:

Redefining ART success beyond live birth is crucial for optimal reproductive outcomes.
The Embryo-Maternal-Offspring Continuum Framework can improve clinical decision-making and research.
This approach supports individualized treatments and early biomarker identification for long-term health.