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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:22

Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the myocardium requiring meticulous nursing management for optimal patient outcomes. Effective management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history, paying close attention to past infections, autoimmune disorders, travel history, and exposure to toxins or drugs. Recent viral infections and systemic diseases are particularly relevant due to their potential role in triggering myocarditis.Physical Examination and MonitoringThe...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart
08:24

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

Published on: August 23, 2018

Cardioimmunology of Myocarditis: Targeting the IL-1 Pathway.

Emanuele Chiara1,2, Maurizio Pieroni3,4, Michel Obeid5

  • 1Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.

Current Cardiology Reports
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade shows promise for severe myocarditis, particularly in refractory or hyperinflammatory cases. While not universally effective in trials, case studies suggest anakinra may benefit specific patient groups, warranting further research.

Keywords:
AnakinraCanakinumabInterleukin-1MyocarditisRilonacept

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Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification and Analysis of Myocardial B-Cells
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Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification and Analysis of Myocardial B-Cells

Published on: August 17, 2022

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart
08:24

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

Published on: August 23, 2018

Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification and Analysis of Myocardial B-Cells
12:46

Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification and Analysis of Myocardial B-Cells

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardioimmunology
  • Inflammatory cardiac syndromes
  • Myocarditis pathogenesis

Background:

  • Myocarditis involves immune system activation, with Interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a key mediator.
  • NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to myocardial injury in myocarditis.
  • Current myocarditis management is primarily supportive, lacking disease-modifying options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical and clinical evidence for IL-1 pathway inhibition in myocarditis.
  • To explore IL-1 blockade as a targeted therapy for inflammatory cardiac conditions.
  • To synthesize findings on IL-1 inhibitors in various myocarditis phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical studies and clinical trials.
  • Analysis of randomized controlled trials and case reports on IL-1 inhibitors.
  • Synthesis of evidence for IL-1 blockade in myocarditis and related syndromes.

Main Results:

  • IL-1 is implicated in myocarditis pathogenesis via inflammasome activation.
  • Anakinra trials showed no benefit in low-risk acute myocarditis but suggest potential in severe cases.
  • IL-1 inhibitors are effective in recurrent pericarditis, supporting their role in myo-pericardial inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Anti-IL-1 therapies show promise in selected severe/refractory myocarditis cases.
  • Robust randomized data are limited, highlighting the need for further research.
  • Future studies should identify inflammatory endotypes and evaluate targeted immunomodulation, including for ICI-associated myocarditis.