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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation
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Self-vocalizations activate the developing auditory cortex via an intracortical pathway.

Didhiti Mukherjee1, Chih-Ting Chen1, Patrick O Kanold1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Science Advances
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early in development, self-vocalizations activate the auditory cortex (ACtx) before hearing begins, originating from brain regions like the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and motor cortex (M2). This vocalization-driven activity shapes auditory cortex development.

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Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Auditory System Development

Background:

  • Auditory cortex (ACtx) development depends on early spontaneous and later evoked neural activity.
  • The sources of early ACtx activity before sensory experience remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sources and impact of early neural activity in the developing auditory cortex.
  • To determine if self-vocalization influences ACtx activity before hearing onset.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo imaging in neonatal mouse pups.
  • Auditory cortex activity monitoring during self-vocalization.
  • Investigation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and secondary motor cortex (M2) projections.
  • Inactivation of ACC/M2 to assess functional impact.

Main Results:

  • Self-vocalization-associated ACtx activity was detected before ear opening and exceeded tone-evoked activity.
  • This activity persisted in deafened pups, indicating a non-peripheral source.
  • Projections from ACC and M2 to ACtx were identified, showing correlated vocalization-driven activity.
  • ACC/M2 inactivation decreased self-vocalization and ACtx activity.

Conclusions:

  • Self-vocalizations represent a significant early-life input to the developing auditory cortex, preceding auditory experience.
  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and secondary motor cortex (M2) are key sources of this top-down influence.
  • This previously unrecognized vocalization-driven pathway plays a crucial role in shaping auditory cortex development.