Decoding the oncogenic functions and translational potential of Twinfilin-1

Twinfilin-1 (TWF1) is a cellular protein that binds actin, phosphoinositides, and capping protein. Although multiple studies have reported the tumor-regulatory role of TWF1, a comprehensive and critical review of these findings remains unavailable. This review addresses this gap by consolidating current evidence on the tumor-modulatory functions of TWF1. The literature indicates that dysregulation of TWF1 or its actin-binding activity can promote carcinogenesis by influencing interleukin-11/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, protein kinase B, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, or autophagy. The mechanisms by which TWF1 regulates tumorigenesis are tissue-dependent and vary across different tissues. At least 10 microRNAs, 2 long noncoding RNAs, and 1 circular RNA have been identified as interacting with TWF1, either directly or indirectly, to regulate its expression and tumor-controlling function. High TWF1 expression has been observed in at least 8 types of solid tumors, but not in liquid cancers, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker for solid tumors. Furthermore, its increased expression in solid tumors can help predict cancer patient prognosis. However, despite these findings, the translational potential of TWF1 requires further validation through in-depth mechanistic studies and large-scale clinical trials, as current evidence is primarily derived from bioinformatics analyses, preclinical studies, or small prospective cohorts. Once the tumor-promoting role of TWF1 is confirmed, future research should then evaluate its sensitivity and suitability as a biomarker or therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTS: Twinfilin-1 (TWF1) regulates various cellular processes that contribute to solid cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. These functions suggest that TWF1 has translational potential as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in cancer management.