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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Published on: July 30, 2011

Appendectomy and Subsequent Type 2 Diabetes - A National Cohort study.

Jacob Antonsen¹, Lars N Jørgensen², Tine Jess³

¹Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

The Journal of Surgical Research

|July 3, 2026

Summary

Appendectomy slightly increases type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, especially in older females. While linked to metabolic changes, the small effect size has limited clinical impact on surgical decisions for appendicitis.

Keywords:

Appendectomy Cohort study Gastrointestinal surgery Metabolic risk Microbiota Surgical outcomes Type 2 diabetes

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Published on: July 30, 2011

Area of Science:

Metabolic health
Gastroenterology
Epidemiology

Background:

Appendectomy, the surgical removal of the appendix, can disrupt gut microbiota and alter metabolic homeostasis.
Previous research on the association between appendectomy and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk has yielded inconsistent findings.
This study aimed to investigate the potential link between appendectomy and the incidence of T2D in a large, nationwide cohort.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the association between appendectomy and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes (T2D).
To assess if appendectomy influences T2D incidence in a nationwide cohort.
To identify specific demographic groups, such as age and sex, that may be more susceptible to T2D after appendectomy.

Main Methods:

A nationwide register-based cohort study included all Danish citizens from 1995 to 2022.
Appendectomy cases were identified using national procedural codes, with each patient matched 1:10 by age and sex.
Incident T2D was determined via diagnosis codes and prescription data, analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.

Main Results:

The study included 7,682,475 individuals, with 176,984 undergoing appendectomy.
Over 24 million person-years of follow-up, appendectomy showed a slight association with increased T2D risk (adjusted HR 1.011).
The increased risk was more pronounced in females and individuals over 40 years old.

Conclusions:

Appendectomy is associated with a marginal increase in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
This association is most notable in older individuals and females.
The modest effect size suggests potential metabolic consequences but has limited clinical implications for surgical decision-making in appendicitis.