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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
Halo Effect01:27

Halo Effect

The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

Is intersectionality selective? The role of collider bias.

Nasir Z Bashir1, Ali Al-Kassab-Córdova2

  • 1MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selection bias can create the appearance of intersectional inequalities, even when none exist. Accounting for sample selection is crucial for accurate social inequality research.

Keywords:
EpidemiologyInteractionIntersectionalityMAIHDAMethodologySelection biasStatistics

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Published on: May 10, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Statistics
  • Quantitative Methods

Background:

  • Intersectionality is often studied using regression models or Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA).
  • A key assumption is that the study sample accurately represents the target population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if observed intersectional inequalities stem from sample selection rather than true social mechanisms.
  • To demonstrate how selection processes can induce bias in the study of intersectionality.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical examination using directed acyclic graphs.
  • Empirical evaluation via Monte Carlo simulations.
  • Analysis of collider bias induced by conditioning on a selection variable.

Main Results:

  • Selection bias, specifically collider bias, can generate spurious intersectional inequalities.
  • This bias occurs when sample selection depends on both intersectional variables and the outcome.
  • Apparent inequalities can be amplified, attenuated, or reversed due to collider bias, irrespective of the quantitative method used.

Conclusions:

  • Quantitative findings on intersectional inequalities are unreliable if sample selection is not addressed.
  • Collider bias affects not only interaction terms but also general inequality estimates.
  • Valid inference about intersectional patterns requires careful consideration and adjustment for sample selection processes.