Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Dynamic Changes in Raw Camel Milk During Refrigeration...

This study investigated microbial and metabolite dynamics in raw camel milk stored at 4°C. Physicochemical and microbial monitoring identified d 3 as a critical transition point, with samples from d 0, 1, 3, and 6 subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis. The dominant genera shifted from Lactococcus to Pseudomonas. Metabolomic analysis showed that non-volatile metabolites were primarily composed of esters, lipids, and organic acids, with 9 of these metabolites exhibiting a continuous increasing trend. Similarly, the levels of volatile metabolites, including ketones, esters, and alcohols also increased gradually throughout refrigeration. Correlation analysis linked Lactococcus to organic acid production, while Pseudomonas was associated with esters and lipids. These findings highlight microbial succession and metabolite shifts as key determinants of refrigerated camel milk quality, providing theoretical support for improved quality control and product development.