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Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...

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Systematic Mapping of Ruminant Milk Extracellular Vesicles using Text Mining and Topic Analysis approach.

E B Rebez1, C Evangelista1, L Basirico1

  • 1Department of Agricultural and Forests Sciences, The University of Tuscia, Viterbo-01100, Italy.

Journal of Dairy Science
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Ruminant milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise as non-invasive biomarkers for livestock heat stress. Further research is needed to standardize methods and explore their full potential in animal health and sustainable development.

Keywords:
CargoExtra-cellular VesiclesHeat StressMilkRuminants

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Sciences
  • Animal Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Ruminant milk-borne extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized for intercellular communication and regulating physiological and stress conditions.
  • These EVs carry diverse molecular cargo, influencing immune modulation, cellular homeostasis, and metabolism.
  • Milk-derived EVs are potential non-invasive biomarkers for physiological and disease states, including heat stress in livestock.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the isolation, function, cargo profiling, biomarker prospects, and applications of ruminant milk-derived EVs.
  • To synthesize existing knowledge and identify research trends and thematic areas in the field.
  • To highlight challenges and gaps in current research for advancing the application of ruminant milk EVs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 124 studies published between 1990 and January 2026, sourced from Scopus®.
  • Keywords used included "extracellular vesicle," "milk," "heat stress," "cell culture," "buffalo," "cattle," "sheep," and "goat."
  • Descriptive statistics, text mining, and topic analysis were employed to analyze the data.

Main Results:

  • Research on ruminant milk-derived EVs began in 2012, with a significant increase post-2021, peaking in 2024.
  • The majority of publications originated from China and the United States, with frequent co-occurring terms like "exosomes" and "bovine milk."
  • Text mining revealed a strong focus on human health and biomedicine, with limited research on livestock aspects like heat stress, and identified challenges in method standardization and validation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant gaps exist in method standardization, characterization, clinical validation, and regulatory frameworks for ruminant milk EVs.
  • Current research predominantly focuses on microRNAs (miRNAs), overlooking other crucial biomolecules.
  • Further inter-disciplinary collaboration is essential to address toxicity, safety, and bioavailability, enabling diagnostic and therapeutic applications for advancing the One Health framework and sustainable development goals.