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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Mitigating polymer-induced self-inhibition with microenvironment-decoupled Sn(II) single-atom catalysts for pollutant

Xinhao Wang1,2, Zelin Wu1,2, Bingkun Huang1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.

Nature Communications
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel catalyst strategy using atomically dispersed tin on carbon nanotubes to selectively oxidize pollutants. This approach enhances contaminant removal and carbon recovery, overcoming limitations of existing methods.

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Selective oxidation for pollutant removal faces challenges due to competitive adsorption and disrupted redox balance.
  • Existing catalysts often exhibit premature termination in pollutant polymerization processes.
  • Need for advanced catalytic systems for efficient contaminant removal and resource recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microenvironment-decoupled strategy for precise oxidation regulation in pollutant polymerization.
  • To enhance simultaneous contaminant removal and carbon recovery using a novel catalyst.
  • To investigate the mechanism of selective pollutant oxidation and polymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Anchoring atomically dispersed tin (Sn) on amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT-NH2).
  • Utilizing peroxydisulfate (PDS) as the oxidant.
  • Employing in situ spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) for mechanistic studies.
  • Testing catalyst performance in phenol removal and total organic carbon (TOC) reduction.
  • Demonstrating feasibility in a decoupled reactor for continuous water purification.

Main Results:

  • The Sn(II)-N4 species selectively activates PDS via a bidentate Sn-PDS complex, favoring an electron-transfer pathway.
  • The carbon surface facilitates enrichment of phenolic substrates and their polymerization.
  • The SnPc/CNT-NH2/PDS system achieved >95% phenol removal over five cycles and ~82% TOC removal.
  • Compared to CNT alone, which showed significantly lower removal efficiencies.
  • A decoupled reactor confirmed the system's practical feasibility for continuous water purification.

Conclusions:

  • The microenvironment-decoupled strategy effectively regulates oxidation, enabling sustainable pollutant polymerization.
  • Atomically dispersed Sn on CNT-NH2 provides a highly selective and stable catalytic system.
  • This approach offers a promising paradigm for advanced water purification technologies.