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Related Concept Videos

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
Wedges01:24

Wedges

A wedge is a simple machine that serves various purposes, such as adjusting the elevation of structural or mechanical parts, providing stability for heavy objects, and splitting a body into two parts. This versatile tool can amplify an applied force, making it easier to manipulate large or heavy objects.
Consider using a wedge to lift a heavy slab. Here, the wedge functions by converting the applied force into a much larger force directed almost perpendicular to the initial force. This...
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
Conservation of Mass in Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume01:14

Conservation of Mass in Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

Stormwater detention basins are essential in managing runoff during heavy rainfall, particularly in urban areas where impervious surfaces increase the risk of flooding. Understanding the conservation of mass in these systems allows engineers to optimize basin performance, balancing inflow, outflow, and water storage.
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Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate01:10

Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate

The moisture content of aggregates is a crucial factor in construction, particularly in concrete mixing, as it influences the total water required in the mix. Moisture content represents the water coated on the exterior surface of the aggregate existing in a saturated and surface-dry condition. The total water content of a moist aggregate is the sum of its moisture content and water absorption.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults
07:39

The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults

Published on: November 6, 2021

Water exchange process and bulk composition regulate slab dynamics and deep earthquakes.

Jintao Zhu1,2,3, Renbiao Tao4, Lifei Zhang1

  • 1SKLab-DeepMinE, MOEKLab-OBCE, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Nature Communications
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water in subducting slabs transfers to nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) in the mantle transition zone. Dry olivine transformations, not dehydration, likely trigger deep-focus earthquakes.

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Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
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Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

Published on: May 20, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults
07:39

The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults

Published on: November 6, 2021

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
10:36

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

Published on: May 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Mineral Physics
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Water significantly impacts deep mantle processes like geochemical cycles and deep-focus earthquakes.
  • The behavior of hydrous minerals under subducting slab conditions is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability and water transfer mechanisms of hydrous minerals within subducting slabs.
  • To clarify the role of water in deep-focus earthquake generation and slab dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure and high-temperature experiments on MgO-SiO2-H2O systems (~2 wt% H2O).
  • Analysis of mineral stability and water partitioning under simulated mantle conditions.

Main Results:

  • Hydrous minerals dehydrate progressively in the mantle transition zone, transferring water to nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs).
  • The slab core remains largely dry, while rapid dehydration near the lower mantle boundary may generate fluids.
  • Dry olivine transformations, not dehydration embrittlement, are indicated as the primary trigger for deep-focus earthquakes.

Conclusions:

  • Hydration variations in NAMs affect slab deformation and stagnation above 660 km.
  • The Mg/Si ratio dictates hydrous mineral stability, implying harzburgite is a more efficient water transporter than peridotite.