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AI-based performance feedback and coaching effectiveness: a moderated mediation model in football
Xiaohui Jiang1, Yitong Zhang2, Hao Liu3
1School of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China.
Scientific Reports
|July 3, 2026
Summary
Artificial Intelligence-Based Performance Feedback (AIPF) enhances coaching effectiveness by improving tactical awareness and self-efficacy. Coach digital literacy and technology acceptance are key to adopting AI tools for better coaching outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Educational Technology
- Coaching Psychology
Background:
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming professional sports coaching.
- The impact of AI on psychological and strategic coaching outcomes requires further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine how AI-Based Performance Feedback (AIPF) influences Coaching Effectiveness (CE).
- To explore the mediating roles of Tactical Awareness (TA) and Coaching Self-Efficacy (CSE).
- To investigate the moderating effect of Coaching Tenure Perception (CTP).
Main Methods:
- Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used.
- A moderated mediation model was tested with data from 512 professional football coaches in China.
- Technology Acceptance and Coach Digital Literacy were assessed as antecedents of AIPF.
Main Results:
- AIPF directly and indirectly predicted CE through TA and CSE, indicating partial mediation.
- Technology Acceptance and Coach Digital Literacy positively influenced AIPF adoption.
- CTP moderated the relationship between AIPF and TA, with experienced coaches benefiting more.
Conclusions:
- AI-based feedback significantly enhances coaching effectiveness, mediated by tactical awareness and self-efficacy.
- Coach digital literacy and technology acceptance are crucial for effective AI tool implementation.
- AI interventions should be personalized and psychologically informed for optimal results.
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