Depth of neutrophil mobilization stratifies survival in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Systemic inflammatory responses shape clinical outcomes in acute cardiovascular disease. Because of their functional plasticity and rapid turnover, neutrophils have emerged as dynamic indicators of inflammatory stress. Here we profile the appearance of distinct neutrophil maturation stages in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Our data reveal the mobilization of immature neutrophils in all groups; however, patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction exhibited the most pronounced engagement of this response, including the appearance of CD16^lowCD10^neg preneutrophils (preNeus), the final mitotic neutrophil progenitor, which was associated with disease outcome. Plasma cytokine profiling identified a coordinated inflammatory signature associated with preNeu mobilization, consistent with emergency granulopoiesis. PreNeus were identifiable as immature granulocytes in routine blood count analysis, where they predicted 30-day mortality better than established biomarkers in two clinical cohorts. Immature granulocytes also remained independently associated with survival in multivariate models incorporating risk factors, enabling the immediate identification of vulnerable patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction upon hospital admission.