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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Polypharmacy in glaucoma management: a narrative review.

Annie Paisansirikul¹, Sunee Chansangpetch^2,3

¹Pharmacy Department, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathum Wan, Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. annie.p@chulahospital.org.

Irish Journal of Medical Science

|July 3, 2026

Summary

Glaucoma patients often use multiple medications (polypharmacy), which can negatively impact quality of life and increase costs. Balancing treatment effectiveness with medication burden is crucial for managing glaucoma.

Keywords:

Glaucoma Medication adherence Ocular surface disease Polypharmacy Quality of life

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Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Pharmacology

Background:

Glaucoma is a primary cause of irreversible blindness globally.
Lifelong treatment, often involving multiple antiglaucoma medications (polypharmacy), is standard for intraocular pressure control and vision preservation.
While effective, glaucoma polypharmacy raises concerns regarding long-term patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the impact of glaucoma polypharmacy on patient outcomes.
To synthesize recent scientific literature on the effects of multiple antiglaucoma medications.

Main Methods:

A narrative review of literature published between January 2015 and October 2025.
Searches conducted in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases.

Main Results:

Glaucoma polypharmacy is prevalent, affecting 42% to 74% of patients.
Polypharmacy is associated with reduced quality of life, elevated healthcare expenses, and adherence difficulties.
Increased risk of ocular surface disease and potentially poorer surgical results are linked to polypharmacy.

Conclusions:

Individualized glaucoma management is essential to balance intraocular pressure reduction with medication burden.
Further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term consequences of polypharmacy in glaucoma care.