Eco-Friendly Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Apixaban Using SDS-Enhanced Fluorescence in Pharmaceutical Forms...

A new simple spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated to determine apixaban in both its authentic form and drug formulations. It depends on the enhancement of the native fluorescence of apixaban using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) without requiring pH adjustment. Different surfactants and factors affecting apixaban's fluorescence were studied in order to identify the optimal conditions with the highest sensitivity. The proposed approach was validated according to ICH guidelines, showing high accuracy and precision. The calibration curve exhibited a linear range of (0.1-2.0 μg/mL) demonstrating a competitive sensitivity with LOD of 0.03 μg/mL and LOQ of 0.09 μg/mL. The presented method was adapted for content uniformity testing (according to the USP) and for drug determination in spiked plasma samples, which were not applied in previously reported spectrofluorimetric methods. Compared with conventional HPLC techniques, the method reduces organic solvent consumption by over 80%, as distilled water is the primary diluting solvent while maintaining comparable sensitivity and precision. The method's greenness and blueness were also evaluated using the Eco-scale, AGREE, and BAGI tools, yielding higher scores (Eco-scale = 86, AGREE = 0.76) than typical HPLC methods (Eco-scale ≈70-75, AGREE ≈0.60), highlighting the environmental friendliness and practical applicability of the proposed procedure.