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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
04:33

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: April 26, 2024

Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk of Clinically Relevant Depression: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Balwinder Singh1, Rakesh Kumar1, Vanessa K Pazdernik2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings
|July 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid dysfunction, indicated by abnormal thyrotropin levels, is linked to a higher risk of clinically relevant depression (CRD). Females experience a greater incidence and earlier onset of both thyroid dysfunction and CRD.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
04:33

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: April 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Thyroid function significantly impacts mood and mental health.
  • Subtle thyroid dysfunction may be associated with depressive symptoms.
  • Longitudinal data is crucial for understanding the temporal relationship between thyroid status and depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between thyroid function, specifically thyrotropin levels, and the development of clinically relevant depression (CRD).
  • To analyze sex-based differences in the incidence and onset of thyroid dysfunction and CRD.
  • To assess the risk of CRD in individuals with low or high thyrotropin levels within a longitudinal cohort.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with 6191 euthyroid adults.
  • Thyroid function (thyrotropin levels) and depression (PHQ-9 scores) were assessed over time.
  • Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between thyroid dysfunction and CRD, considering time-varying covariates and sex differences.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction was significantly associated with an increased risk of CRD (HR, 1.33; P<.001).
  • Both low (HR, 1.57; P<.001) and high (HR, 1.25; P=.005) thyrotropin levels were linked to elevated CRD risk.
  • Females exhibited a higher incidence and earlier onset of both thyroid dysfunction and CRD compared to males.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is a significant risk factor for developing clinically relevant depression.
  • Females are disproportionately affected, showing earlier and more frequent occurrences of both thyroid dysfunction and depression.
  • These findings highlight the importance of screening for depression in individuals with thyroid dysfunction, particularly in females.