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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Zwitterionic Polymer Electrolytes With Dipole-Rotation-Assisted Ion Conduction for Solid Lithium Metal Batteries.

Miao He1, Yuxin Fan1, Niandong He2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel molecular rotor strategy enhances solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. This approach improves ionic conductivity and interfacial stability, enabling long-lasting battery performance at various temperatures.

Keywords:
dipole rotation‐assisted ion transportlithium metal batteriessolid‐state batterieszwitterions

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid polymer electrolytes are crucial for advanced lithium metal batteries.
  • A key challenge is balancing high ionic conductivity with robust interfacial stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a molecular rotor strategy for solid polymer electrolytes.
  • To enhance ion transport and interfacial properties in polyvinylidene difluoride-based electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of 3-(1-Pyridinio)-1-propanesulfonate zwitterions (PP-Z) into a polyvinylidene difluoride matrix.
  • Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations and experimental electrochemical testing.
  • Investigating dipole-rotation-assisted ion transport mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high ionic conductivity (5.1 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 25°C) and Li⁺ transference number (0.52).
  • Demonstrated stable cycling for 1200 hours in Li||Li cells and over 500 cycles in Li||LiFePO₄ cells.
  • Maintained 85.1% capacity at 0°C in a Li||LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁Mn₀.₁O₂ pouch cell over 50 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The molecular rotor strategy effectively enhances ionic conductivity and interfacial stability.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for developing high-performance lithium metal batteries.
  • The PP-Z zwitterions facilitate efficient Li⁺ transport and promote a stable solid electrolyte interphase.