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Early-Life Lipid Exposure Induces Lasting Skeletal Muscle Remodeling Via Fetal Programming in Male Wistar Rats.

Matheus Felipe Zazula1, Heloísa Deola Confortim1, Márcia Miranda Torrejais2

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Maternal supplementation with omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids during pregnancy alters offspring skeletal muscle development long-term. This early exposure causes persistent muscle remodeling, impacting fiber type and neuromuscular junctions.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Maternal omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid intake is recommended during pregnancy for fetal development.
  • Optimal intake levels and long-term effects of excessive exposure are not well-established.
  • Western diets high in vegetable oils may increase lipid bioavailability, necessitating investigation into developmental impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term effects of maternal n-3 and n-6 fatty acid supplementation on offspring skeletal muscle.
  • To understand the persistent changes in muscle structure and function following early developmental exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Wistar rats received control, fish oil (n-3), or soybean oil (n-6) supplementation from before mating through lactation.
  • Male offspring were maintained on a standard diet post-weaning until 60 days of age.
  • Skeletal muscle analysis included histology, molecular markers, and assessment of neuromuscular junctions.

Main Results:

  • Supplemented groups showed reduced body size, increased adiposity, and altered plasma lipids.
  • Plantar muscle exhibited decreased fiber length and area, with shifts in fiber type composition (reduced type I and IIA).
  • Increased capillary density, myonuclei number, and neuromuscular junction area were observed, alongside reduced GLUT4 and increased MMP9 expression.

Conclusions:

  • Excessive maternal fatty acid exposure during development induces persistent skeletal muscle remodeling in male offspring.
  • Early exposure leads to lasting alterations in fiber type, size, collagen deposition, and neuromuscular junctions.
  • These changes persist even after a standard diet post-weaning, indicating long-term developmental programming.