Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
Published on: June 23, 2013
Naja atra SVPLA2 upregulates hexokinase 2-driven macrophage M1 polarization via the cGAS-STING signaling activation
Jiahao Liu1, Zejing Wen1, Sunkun Tang2
1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
Abstract:
Snake venom phospholipase A2 (SVPLA2) from Naja atra (N. atra) drives macrophage M1 polarization through hexokinase 2 (HK2)-mediated glycolytic reprogramming; however, the upstream mechanism by which SVPLA2 upregulated HK2 remains unclear. The cGAS-STING pathway has been widely shown to regulate HK2 expression in macrophages, but whether it participated in SVPLA2-induced HK2 upregulation was unknown. Herein, we found that in RAW 264.7 macrophages, N. atra SVPLA2 triggered mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA release. Subsequently, SVPLA2 activated the cGAS-STING pathway. Gene silencing of STING using siRNA abrogated SVPLA2-induced HK2 upregulation and suppressed M1 polarization. Taken together, this study revealed the cGAS-STING-HK2 axis as an important upstream mechanism underlying N. atra SVPLA2-induced metabolic reprogramming of macrophages, providing new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of snake venom.
Related Concept Videos
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity
Two...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade
TGF - β Signaling Pathway
