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Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities
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Comparative Evaluation of Three Artificial Intelligence-Based Tools for Question Generation in Endodontics.

Mehmet Emin Kaval1, Fırat Sarsar2, Gözde Kandemir Demirci1,3

  • 1Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

Australian Endodontic Journal : the Journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc
|July 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT-4 and Copilot can help generate multiple-choice questions for endodontics education, but Gemini performed poorly. Expert review remains crucial for quality and relevance.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencecontent validitydental educationendodonticslanguage model

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Educational Assessment

Background:

  • The increasing reliance on digital tools in education necessitates evaluating AI's role in creating assessment materials.
  • The European Society of Endodontology provides foundational documents for specialized dental education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of ChatGPT-4, Copilot, and Gemini in generating multiple-choice questions for endodontics.
  • To assess the quality, reliability, and validity of AI-generated questions.

Main Methods:

  • Three AI language models (ChatGPT-4, Copilot, Gemini) generated 40 multiple-choice questions each from European Society of Endodontology statements.
  • 120 questions were evaluated for distractor quality, performance discrimination, reliability, and content validity.
  • Statistical analysis included Weighted Kappa, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Main Results:

  • ChatGPT-4 achieved the highest overall scores, while Gemini received the lowest ratings.
  • Significant differences in scores were observed between Copilot and Gemini, and ChatGPT-4 and Gemini (p < 0.05).
  • All models produced distractors of poor quality, indicating a need for refinement.

Conclusions:

  • AI tools show potential for supporting the creation of endodontic assessment items.
  • Expert oversight is indispensable for ensuring the accuracy, quality, and educational value of AI-generated questions.
  • Further development is needed to improve the quality of distractors generated by AI models.