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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive01:24

Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive

Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
 Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive reliance on others to manage various aspects of life. Individuals with this disorder often struggle with...
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-2 (VOCI-2).

Adam S Radomsky1, Martha Giraldo-O'Meara2, Sandra Krause1

  • 1Department of Psychology, https://ror.org/0420zvk78Concordia University, Canada.

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-2 (VOCI-2) is a revised, brief measure for assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. It includes newer domains like mental contamination and reassurance seeking, offering improved reliability and validity.

Keywords:
OCDVOCIassessmentcompulsionsobsessionspsychometric

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Protocol for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Symptom Provocation to Treat Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
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Protocol for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Symptom Provocation to Treat Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

Published on: November 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • The original Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties.
  • Recent research highlights the significance of newer symptom domains in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such as mental contamination and reassurance seeking.
  • These developments necessitate a revision of the VOCI to ensure it remains a current and comprehensive assessment tool.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revise the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) into a brief, up-to-date measure for assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology.
  • To develop the VOCI-2, detailing its reliability, validity, and factor structure.
  • To create a more comprehensive assessment reflecting current understanding of OCD's heterogeneous presentations.

Main Methods:

  • An exploratory factor analysis was performed on data from 1108 non-clinical participants who completed the VOCI and related scales (VOCI-MC, SOAQ, CORSI).
  • Clinical samples, including individuals with primary OCD diagnosis (n=59), anxious controls (n=42), and depressed controls (n=18), completed the VOCI-2 to assess known-groups validity.
  • The VOCI-2 was developed based on these analyses to capture updated symptom categories.

Main Results:

  • The VOCI-2 was established, comprising six distinct factors: Symmetry, Ordering and Arranging; Reassurance Seeking; Checking; Mental Contamination; Obsessions; and Contact Contamination.
  • The updated questionnaire demonstrates strong reliability and validity.
  • The VOCI-2 features face-valid items and subscales, is easy to administer, and accurately reflects current understanding of OCD's diverse presentations.

Conclusions:

  • The VOCI-2 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing OCD symptomatology, incorporating recent advancements in understanding the disorder.
  • This revised measure provides a brief and current assessment tool for the heterogeneous presentations of OCD.
  • Future research should focus on further validation in larger clinical samples and diverse contexts, including treatment studies.