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Effects of Task Priority and Difficulty in Multitasking Across Screens.

Yang Liu1, Qin Gao1, Xinyun Li1

  • 1Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Human Factors
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Task priority and difficulty significantly impact operator task-switching in complex multitasking. High priority increases switching, while difficulty decreases it, with both factors mutually amplifying their effects.

Keywords:
attention allocationdifficultymultitaskingprioritytask switching

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Factors Engineering

Background:

  • The Strategic Task Overload Management (STOM) model predicts task priority and difficulty influence switching behavior.
  • Empirical evidence supporting the STOM model's predictions regarding task switching remains inconsistent.
  • Complex multitasking environments, such as managing unmanned aerial vehicles, present challenges to operator decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of task priority, task difficulty, and their interaction on task-switching decisions.
  • To examine operator behavior in a simulated complex multitasking environment with multiple supervisory tasks.
  • To provide empirical data to refine the Strategic Task Overload Management (STOM) model.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in four concurrent supervisory tasks on separate displays.
  • A simulated unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring platform was utilized for the experiment.
  • Task priority was manipulated via performance-based rewards, and target detection task difficulty was varied across four levels.

Main Results:

  • High-priority tasks led to increased switching frequency and longer dwell times.
  • Elevated task difficulty resulted in reduced overall switching and longer dwell times on difficult tasks.
  • Task priority and difficulty mutually reinforced each other's influence on task-switching behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Task priority significantly modulates task-switching behavior in complex multitasking scenarios.
  • Task difficulty exhibits a pronounced global effect on switching, with a noticeable threshold effect at the local level.
  • The interaction between task priority and difficulty amplifies their individual impacts on operator decision-making.