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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Precatalyst Engineering Directs Reconstruction Into Coupled Defective Sites for Selective CO2‑to‑Formate

Yi Cheng1, Xiaoli Zhao2, Lulu Li3

  • 1Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precise control over bismuth material reconstruction is key for efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction. This study engineers bismuth oxyhalide precatalysts, achieving high formate production via tailored active sites.

Keywords:
CO2 electroreductionformate productionframework confinementprecatalyst engineeringreconstruction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Bismuth-based materials show promise for CO2 electroreduction to formate.
  • Controlling dynamic reconstruction of these materials to define active sites remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a precatalyst engineering strategy to control the reconstruction pathway of bismuth-based materials.
  • To achieve targeted active sites for efficient CO2 electroreduction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) as a model system.
  • Engineered precatalysts with different crystallographic structures (layered BiOI vs. non-stoichiometric Bi5O7I).
  • Employed in situ characterization and theoretical calculations to elucidate evolution mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Layered BiOI transformed into metallic Bi, favoring hydrogen evolution.
  • Non-stoichiometric Bi5O7I preserved iodine, reconstructing into a surface with bismuth vacancies and iodine dopants.
  • Achieved 96.8% formate Faradaic efficiency at 400 mA cm-2 with Bi5O7I.
  • Demonstrated stable operation for over 100 hours at 200 mA cm-2.

Conclusions:

  • Crystallographic structure dictates the reconstruction pathway toward targeted active sites.
  • The defective configuration in Bi5O7I is crucial for high-efficiency CO2 electroreduction.
  • Established a design principle for bismuth oxyhalide precatalysts for programmed reconstruction.