Common Clinical Scenarios in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: A Practical Guide for General Cardiologists

Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) represent a growing population of adults in the United States, necessitating lifelong care by ACHD specialists. Often, patients may be lost to follow-up after pediatric care or elude detection until adulthood, presenting to the emergency room with common clinical complaints such as chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, or palpitations. This review demystifies common clinical presentations in pulmonary stenosis, branch pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, and subaortic stenosis and their associated pathophysiology, salient clinical features, multimodality diagnostic findings, and indication for intervention.