Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

Purposive Learning

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

Observational Learning

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Early Findings from the Multicenter RAPID Consortium on Papillary Craniopharyngiomas.

Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base·2026

Same author

Total disc replacement versus lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative disc disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Neurosurgical focus·2026

Same author

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (fSRT) for symptomatic WHO grade 1 cavernous sinus meningiomas: long-term local control, clinical response, and toxicity outcomes.

Journal of neuro-oncology·2026

Same author

Endovascular treatment of tumor-related dural sinus stenosis, venous outflow obstruction, and secondary intracranial hypertension: a systematic review of the literature.

Journal of neuro-oncology·2026

Same author

Incidentally discovered asymptomatic extramedullary plasmacytoma involving the orbit and dura.

Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Same author

Full Endoscopic versus Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized-controlled Trials.

Spine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Published on: January 19, 2022

Incorporating AI-Driven Vision Systems to Quantify Learning Curve in EVD Placement.

Rupert D Smit¹, Aria Mahtabfar¹, Nikolaos Mouchtouris¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part B, Skull Base

|July 6, 2026

Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) cameras quantified the learning curve for external ventricular drain (EVD) placement. AI demonstrated significant improvements in surgical skill acquisition and performance metrics.

Keywords:

EVD artificial intelligence machine learning neurosurgery skull base vision systems

More Related Videos

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Published on: January 19, 2022

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Medical Education Technology
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Background:

Medical education increasingly utilizes technology for skill assessment.
Objective quantification of surgical learning curves is crucial for training efficacy.
External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is a fundamental neurosurgical procedure with a significant learning curve.

Purpose of the Study:

To incorporate AI-powered cameras to objectively quantify the learning curve and performance metrics of external ventricular drain (EVD) placement.
To assess the efficacy of AI in providing detailed feedback on surgical skill acquisition.

Main Methods:

Fourteen participants (medical students, neurosurgical residents) performed EVD placement on a trainer head, recorded by five panoramic cameras.
Convolutional neural networks analyzed anatomical landmark tracking and task completion.
Learning curve quantified by scores across preparation, insertion, and closing phases; fluidity assessed as a surgical finesse proxy.

Main Results:

AI successfully itemized parameters characterizing EVD placement and demonstrated a clear learning curve.
Overall scores significantly improved with training level: students (51.1%), junior residents (79%), senior residents (89.7%) (p < 0.0001).
Significant improvements noted in preparation, insertion, and closing phases, with fluidity also increasing significantly with training (p = 0.0006).

Conclusions:

AI-powered platforms can effectively quantify the learning curve associated with EVD placement.
Objective feedback facilitated by AI is vital for enhancing surgical skill acquisition.
AI holds significant potential to revolutionize medical education and surgical training.