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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild...

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Spin-crossover in metal complex-promoted homogenous catalysis.

Lu Huang¹, Jean-Pierre Djukic¹

¹Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Systemics, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177/CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.

Frontiers in Chemistry

|July 6, 2026

Summary

Spin crossover (SCO) enables transition-metal catalysts to switch between low- and high-spin states. This review explores SCO

Keywords:

coordination complexes homogeneous catalysis organometallic complexes spin crossover switchable catalysis

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Published on: March 20, 2014

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Chemistry
Catalysis
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Spin crossover (SCO) involves reversible switching of transition-metal complexes between low- and high-spin states.
SCO phenomena are extensively studied in materials chemistry.
Recently, SCO complexes are gaining attention as catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the fundamentals of spin crossover (SCO).
To examine the role of SCO in homogeneous catalysis.
To highlight the impact of SCO on reaction pathways and catalyst design.

Main Methods:

Literature review of SCO studies.
Analysis of SCO's influence on transition-metal catalysis.
Discussion of external stimuli (light, pressure, temperature) affecting SCO.

Main Results:

SCO complexes offer switchable catalytic systems responsive to external stimuli.
SCO influences reaction pathways in homogeneous catalysis.
3d transition-metal catalysts can be systematically evaluated for SCO effects.

Conclusions:

Combining SCO with catalysis is a promising strategy for stimuli-responsive systems.
Further investigation into SCO's impact on catalysis is recommended for new catalyst development.
SCO provides a mechanism for tuning catalytic activity.