Kaolinite-reinforced bio-based polypropylene malonate nanocomposites incorporating itaconic acid with enhanced...

This study investigates the effects of DMSO-intercalated kaolinite on the properties of poly(propylene malonate) (PPMI), synthesized from 1,3-propanediol and malonic acid, and cross-linked with itaconic acid (IA). The goal is to develop fully bio-based, saturated PPMI/kaolinite nanocomposites with varying kaolinite contents, focusing on how DMSO treatment enhances the dispersion of kaolinite and interfacial bonding within the polymer matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed improved dispersion and bonding. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated an increase in thermal degradation temperature from 280 °C (neat PPMI) to 309 °C at 3 wt% kaolinite, indicating improved thermal stability due to enhanced polymer-clay interactions. Mechanical testing showed increased tensile strength (0.44 to 0.55 MPa) and Young's modulus (33.37 to 72.81 MPa) with rising kaolinite content, suggesting tunable flexibility and reinforcement. Although mechanical properties remain within the soft polymer range, these findings emphasize the role of DMSO-treated kaolinite in optimizing the thermal and mechanical properties of bio-based nanocomposites.