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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
13:13

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

Published on: September 23, 2014

Essential Role for Telomeric Repeat-Binding Factor 2 in Cardiac Development and Function.

Ali Hakim Shoushtari1,2, Aysenure Danis1,2, Michael Wayne Stoner1,2,3

  • 1Department of Medicine Vascular Medicine Institute Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA.

FASEB Bioadvances
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomere repeat-binding factor 2 (Trf2) loss in heart cells causes severe cardiac defects and impaired development. This study highlights Trf2

Keywords:
Trf2dilated cardiomyopathyhearttelomere

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In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells
09:29

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Published on: July 3, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
13:13

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

Published on: September 23, 2014

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells
09:29

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Published on: July 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Telomere Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Telomere repeat-binding factor 2 (Trf2) is crucial for telomere protection.
  • Global Trf2 deletion is lethal, but its specific role in organ development, especially the heart, is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of Trf2 in cardiac development and function.
  • To understand the consequences of cardiomyocyte-specific Trf2 deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated Trf2's role using cardiomyocyte-specific deletion models.
  • Performed in vivo functional assessments and molecular analyses of Trf2-deficient hearts.
  • Examined heart morphology, cardiomyocyte proliferation, and telomere length.

Main Results:

  • Cardiomyocyte-specific Trf2 loss resulted in abnormal heart morphology and impaired ventricular wall formation.
  • Compromised cardiomyocyte proliferation was observed without telomere attrition.
  • Trf2-deficient ventricles exhibited severe cardiac dysfunction and altered nuclear envelope gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Trf2 is essential for normal cardiac development and function.
  • Trf2 deficiency in cardiomyocytes leads to cardiac dysfunction independent of telomere length changes.
  • Findings suggest potential therapeutic targets in telomere biology for heart conditions.