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Preferential Cup Size and End-State Comfort in Children
Devynn Dion1, Danielle Salters1, Sara Scharoun Benson1
1Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
Journal of Motor Behavior
|July 6, 2026
Summary
Children
Area of Science:
- Developmental Psychology
- Cognitive Science
- Motor Control
Background:
- Second-order planning in object manipulation is constrained by multiple factors in children.
- Understanding these constraints is crucial for developmental research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the combined effects of age, hand size, and object size on children's second-order planning.
- To examine the influence of autonomy in object selection on planning abilities.
Main Methods:
- Children aged 6-11 years performed an overturned cup task.
- Participants used both researcher-selected and self-selected cup sizes.
- The end-state comfort effect was used to measure second-order planning.
Main Results:
- Age was the only significant factor influencing second-order planning.
- Increased age correlated with more observed end-state comfort effects.
- Hand size and object size did not significantly impact planning in this context.
Conclusions:
- Children's second-order planning, specifically sensitivity to the end-state comfort effect, develops with age.
- Autonomy in object selection did not override the developmental trajectory of planning skills.
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