Human epididymis protein 4: a potential prognostic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung
Meihua Qiu1,2, Xueyuan Nian3, Pengfei Yu2
1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116021, China.
Objective:
This study aimed to assess the impact of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) on the progression and mortality of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
Methods:
A retrospective 5-year follow-up study was conducted on RA-ILD patients. Serum HE4 levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay to investigate their associations with clinical parameters and prognosis.
Results:
A total of 136 consecutive RA-ILD patients were enrolled. The 5-year survival rate was 91.91%. Patients with ILD progression exhibited higher baseline serum HE4 levels than those without progression (152.44 pmol/L vs. 88.95 pmol/L, P < 0.001). During follow-up, serum HE4 levels progressively increased with disease progression in patients with RA-ILD. Patients who died had higher baseline serum HE4 levels than survivors (229.00 pmol/L vs. 111.80 pmol/L, P < 0.001). Baseline serum HE4 levels were significantly negatively correlated with pulmonary function parameters and positively correlated with inflammatory indicators. ROC analysis showed models incorporating HE4 presented better predictive efficacy for progression and mortality than the conventional model. Multivariate regression further validated that elevated serum HE4 levels (≥ 110.30 pmol/L) served as an independent risk factor for ILD progression (odds ratio [OR] = 10.083, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.660-38.224, P = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis, as an exploratory analysis, showed that high serum HE4 levels (≥ 131.95 pmol/L) were correlated with elevated mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 7.822, 95% CI: 2.347-26.070, P < 0.001). Notably, multivariable Cox regression failed to confirm its independent prognostic value for mortality.
Conclusions:
Serum HE4 shows promise as a potential prognostic biomarker for RA-ILD, particularly for evaluating the risk of ILD progression. Given the limitations of this retrospective single-center study and lack of external validation, its value for predicting mortality remains to be further verified in larger cohorts. Key Points • RA-ILD patients with disease progression or mortality had significantly higher baseline serum HE4 levels. • Baseline serum HE4 levels strongly correlated with lung disease severity in RA-ILD. • Serum HE4 levels increased progressively with disease progression in RA-ILD. • Elevated HE4 levels were linked to poor RA-ILD outcomes, but not an independent predictor of mortality.
