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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
08:02

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure

Published on: April 17, 2018

Variational modeling and numerical simulations for evaporating thin droplets and coffee-ring effect.

Yakun Li1, Quan Zhao2, Tiezheng Qian3

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models evaporating sessile droplets, revealing two distinct dynamic regimes: diffusion-limited and transition-limited. The findings offer insights into droplet evaporation and the coffee-ring effect.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Published on: April 17, 2018

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Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

Published on: March 5, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Sessile droplets on surfaces involve complex interactions between liquid, gas, and solid phases.
  • Understanding droplet dynamics, particularly evaporation, is crucial for fundamental science and applications.
  • Key processes include moving contact lines and interfacial evaporation, coupled with liquid flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a thermodynamically consistent continuum model for evaporating thin sessile droplets.
  • To identify characteristic length scales governing droplet evaporation dynamics.
  • To investigate the distinct dynamic regimes and the coffee-ring effect in drying droplets.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of a continuum model based on Onsager's variational principle.
  • Incorporation of coupled dissipative processes: viscous transport, contact line motion, evaporation, and vapor diffusion.
  • Numerical simulations to analyze evaporation flux, liquid flow, and the coffee-ring effect.

Main Results:

  • Introduction of a characteristic length scale based on evaporation and vapor diffusion competition.
  • Identification of a dimensionless parameter defining diffusion-limited and transition-limited dynamic regimes.
  • Numerical evidence of distinct evaporation and flow characteristics in the identified regimes.

Conclusions:

  • The derived model accurately describes the coupling of multiple dissipative processes in evaporating droplets.
  • The identified dimensionless parameter predicts distinct dynamic behaviors based on confinement and intrinsic length scales.
  • The study provides numerical insights into the coffee-ring effect across different dynamic regimes and contact line behaviors.