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Related Concept Videos

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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

2.5D Model for Ex Vivo Mechanical Characterization of Sprouting Angiogenesis in Living Tissue
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2.5D Model for Ex Vivo Mechanical Characterization of Sprouting Angiogenesis in Living Tissue

Published on: February 28, 2025

4D force patterning enables spatial control of angiogenesis.

Sina Kheiri1,2, Jessica Shah1,3, Peiyuan Chai4

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamically patterned mechanical forces precisely control blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) in 4D. This novel approach guides vessel formation for tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
angiogenesisbiofabricationmechanobiologytissue engineeringvasculature

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

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Published on: February 28, 2025

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Standardized and Scalable Assay to Study Perfused 3D Angiogenic Sprouting of iPSC-derived Endothelial Cells In Vitro

Published on: November 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Engineering organized microvascular networks is crucial for tissue engineering.
  • Current biochemical methods for patterning angiogenesis lack spatiotemporal control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate that dynamically patterned mechanical forces enable precise spatiotemporal control over angiogenic sprouting.
  • To investigate the effects of mechanical stimulation on endothelial cell behavior and vessel morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a magnetically actuated human vessel-on-a-chip platform for 4D mechanical stimulation.
  • Systematically investigated strain magnitude, frequency, and direction using an automated 3-axis actuator.
  • Performed RNA sequencing to analyze mechanically induced transcriptional profiles.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic mechanical stimulation enhanced endothelial alignment and barrier function.
  • Strain magnitude-dependently modulated sprout initiation (5% strain) and elongation (15% strain).
  • Sequential reorientation of strain direction reprogrammed sprouting trajectories, creating complex geometries.
  • Mechanically induced transcriptional profiles showed upregulation of angiogenesis and mechanotransduction genes.
  • PIEZO1 perturbation reduced strain-induced sprouting, implicating mechanotransduction pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic mechanical forces offer spatiotemporal control for programming vascular morphogenesis.
  • This 4D force patterning strategy is a foundation for engineering organized vascular networks for tissue regeneration.