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Delayed inflammatory resolution and TGF-beta expressing Tregs are associated with healing outcomes in paediatric

Donna Langley1, Andrew J A Holland2, Giorgio Stefanutti3

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC), QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technology (CBT), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries
|July 6, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Delayed wound healing in pediatric burn patients is linked to specific immune cell changes. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-17 and IL-23 in T cells and increased CCR6 expression indicate a persistent inflammatory state.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pediatric Burn Research
  • Wound Healing

Background:

  • Delayed wound healing is a significant complication in pediatric burn patients.
  • Understanding the underlying immune mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify immune cells and inflammatory mediators associated with delayed wound healing in pediatric burn patients.
  • To compare immune profiles between healthy controls, normally healing burn patients, and delayed healing burn patients.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 pediatric participants.
  • Flow cytometry to quantify immune cell subsets and intracellular cytokine expression.
  • Multiplex immunoassay to measure plasma cytokine concentrations.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in major immune cell subsets were observed between groups.
  • Delayed healing patients showed higher CCR6⁺ cell frequencies and elevated IL-17/IL-23 expression in specific T cell subsets.
  • Increased plasma levels of IL-33, IL-23, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were found in the delayed healing group.
  • Normal healing patients had higher proportions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing TGF-β.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed healing in pediatric burn patients is associated with a persistent systemic pro-inflammatory immune profile.
  • Elevated CCR6 expression and IL-17/IL-23 axis activation may contribute to chronic immune dysregulation.
  • Targeting these inflammatory pathways could offer novel therapeutic strategies for improving pediatric burn wound healing.

Keywords:
BurnsCytokinesInflammationMacrophagesPaediatricsT cells

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