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Related Concept Videos

Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

Extrachromosomal circular DNA.

Melissa Aldana1, Zz Zhao Zhang1, Guang Yang1

  • 1Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA, found outside eukaryotic chromosomes, originates from genomic DNA or viruses. These circular DNA molecules have diverse biological functions and origins that Aldana et al. explore.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

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Published on: April 4, 2016

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Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules
09:32

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) comprises DNA molecules existing outside the main eukaryotic chromosomes.
  • These structures can originate from host genomic DNA or be introduced by exogenous viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diverse origins of extrachromosomal circular DNA.
  • To explore the functional roles of eccDNA within eukaryotic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on eccDNA.
  • Analysis of studies detailing the formation and biological impact of circular DNA molecules.

Main Results:

  • eccDNA arises from both endogenous chromosomal DNA replication/recombination and viral integration/replication.
  • Identified functions span gene regulation, genome stability maintenance, and roles in viral life cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA represents a significant, versatile component of the eukaryotic genome and viral interactions.
  • Further research into eccDNA mechanisms and functions is warranted for a comprehensive understanding of cellular and viral biology.