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Mode of action assessment in Raphidocelis subcapitata by complementing the OECD test guideline 201 with

Melina Schöpker1, Fabian Essfeld2, Benedikt Ringbeck3

  • 1Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany; Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.

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|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Environmental risk assessment benefits from understanding chemical impacts on algae. This study combined ecotoxicity tests with transcriptome analysis to reveal molecular effects of bentazone and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) in Raphidocelis subcapitata.

Keywords:
EcotoxicogenomicsHerbicideNanoparticlePollutionRaphidocelis subcapitataReactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Molecular ecotoxicology
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • Chemical risk assessment requires understanding environmental effects.
  • Molecular effects in organisms aid hazard assessment.
  • Ecotoxicology combined with transcriptome analysis reveals modes of action at the gene expression level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend OECD Test Guideline 201 with transcriptome analysis.
  • To identify gene expression changes for bentazone and zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) NM-110.
  • To investigate modes of action in Raphidocelis subcapitata.

Main Methods:

  • Acute toxicity tests (72 hours) on R. subcapitata.
  • A novel RNA extraction protocol for transcriptomic analysis.
  • Overrepresentation analysis using an eggNOG annotated genome.

Main Results:

  • Bentazone and ZnO NP NM-110 showed observable effects and differentially expressed genes.
  • Molecular effects partially aligned with known modes of action but differed between substances.
  • Both substances induced reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

  • Toxicogenomic analysis provides detailed molecular insights into bentazone and ZnO NP NM-110 effects.
  • The workflow represents a New Approach Methodology (NAM) for environmental hazard assessment.
  • This approach supports future substance profiling and risk evaluation.